One family. Three ruling houses. Patiala, Nabha and Jind.

From Phul’s descendants came dynasties that navigated Afghan invasions, neighbouring rivals and British expansion. Ala Singh and Mai Fatto helped establish the Patiala branch. Their successors secured a future beyond the Confederacy.

Kinship. Negotiation. The survival of a dynasty.

A standard raised. A place to rally.

The Nishanwalia carried banners that helped Sikh forces gather and move through battle. Their story extends into Ambala, territorial rivalries and the rule of Daya Kaur - a woman who fought to recover her authority as Punjab’s political boundaries shifted.

From Dallewal to the roads of the Jalandhar Doab.

Founded by Gulab Singh and expanded under Tara Singh Ghaiba, the Dallewalia Misl built its strength around towns, routes and rural resources. Rahon. Nakodar. The movement of horses, goods and armies.

A chiefship shaped by the land it controlled.

Scripture copied. Communities sustained. Weapons taken up.

The Shaheedan Misl is associated with Baba Deep Singh and the defence of Sikh sacred places.
From Talwandi Sabo to Amritsar, its story is learning, service, warfare and sacrifice - and the traditions through which those lives are remembered.

A leader among chiefs. A ruling house in Kapurthala.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia helped bring Sikh forces together through invasion, devastating loss and recovery. His successors carried the family’s authority into a changing Punjab, negotiating alliances that allowed Kapurthala to survive beyond the age of the misls.

Lahore. Multan. The great gun Zamzama.

The Bhangi chiefs once controlled extensive territories across Punjab. Their power rested on armies, revenue and alliances - but their possessions were divided among competing leaders.

A story of expansion, shared rule and the rivalries that gradually weakened one of the Confederacy’s strongest misls.

South of Lahore. Between the Ravi and Sutlej. The Nakka.

Here, Hira Singh established a chiefship shaped by cattle, cultivation and the resources of the countryside. His successors navigated local rivalries and marriage alliances with the Sukerchakia.

The Nakai Misl. A regional power with ambitions of its own.

An army at Delhi. An agreement inside the city.

Under Baghel Singh, the Karorsinghia Misl extended its influence far beyond its Punjabi bases. Campaigns and negotiations brought revenue, political leverage and the establishment of Sikh shrines in Delhi.

A story of what military power could secure at the negotiating table.

A son killed in battle. A marriage arranged between rival houses.

Jai Singh built the Kanhaiya Misl’s power. Sada Kaur helped reshape its future, turning a family feud into an alliance with the Sukerchakias.

Her support helped Ranjit Singh rise. His expansion would eventually threaten her own authority.

A title accepted. Fighting groups brought together.

Nawab Kapur Singh helped organise Sikh forces during years of persecution and uncertainty. The Singhpuria story continued through towns, markets and cultivated land, as his successors turned military influence into territorial rule.

A fort near Amritsar. A chief driven into exile. A return to power.

Jassa Singh Ramgarhia’s career moved through shifting alliances, lost territories and renewed campaigns. Fortifications and building patronage became part of the family’s legacy.

The Ramgarhia Misl. A story of construction, displacement and recovery.

Gujranwala. A rising family. Three generations of expanding power.

Charat Singh established a stronghold. Maha Singh grew the family’s possessions. Ranjit Singh carried its ambitions into Lahore.

Behind that rise stood contested successions, marriage alliances and women who helped preserve the chiefship. From the Sukerchakia Misl emerged a new kingdom.